Using these standardized packets, 4G enables data to traverse all sorts of networks without being scrambled or corrupted. It uses a standard communications protocol to send and receive data in packets. 4G networks are IP-based (Internet protocol). Standard 4G has download speeds of around 14 Mbps and can reach speeds as high as 150 Mbps. 3G + allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity (Mishra 2018).ĤG - Growth of Mobile Broadband The fourth-generation (4G) wireless networks were commercially deployed in the United States by Verizon in 2011, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. In the mid-2000s, an enhanced 3G mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G + or turbo 3G was implemented. According to some estimates, 3G offers a real-world maximum speed of 7.2 Mbps for downloads and 2 Mbps for uploads. The technology also provided Video-conferencing support and Web browsing at higher speeds (Pathak 2013 Bhalla and Bhalla 2010 Mishra 2018). The high connection speeds of 3G technology-enabled media streaming of radio and even television content to 3G handsets. 3G systems provided a significant improvement in capability over the 2G networks by using packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. 3G technology uses a network of phone towers to pass signals, ensuring a stable connection over long distances. Finally, digital signals are considered environment friendly (Bhalla and Bhalla 2010 Mishra 2018).ģG- High-Speed Data Networks The third-generation (3G) wireless networks were introduced in 1998 to provide high-speed data transfer capability for downloading information from the Internet and for sending videos with the speed of 2 Mbps (1Mbit = 1000 kbit). Digital encryption provided secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. Other advantages of 2G digital networks include reduced battery power consumption, voice clarity, and reduced noise in the line. Additionally, 2G made SMS text messaging possible initially on GSM networks and eventually on all digital networks.
2G digital networks enabled rapid phone-to-network signaling and helped the advent of prepaid mobile phones. Voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties (Bhalla and Bhalla 2010 Mishra 2018).ĢG- Digital Networks The second-generation (2G) wireless networks were launched in the early 1990 s and were based on digital standards instead of analog. The first phones, which were based on analog technology, were very large. 1G has several disadvantages, including low capacity, unreliable handoff, and weak voice links. 1G enabled the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next as the user traveled between cells during a conversation. 1G networks were based on analog protocols with the speed of only 2.4 Kbps (1 kilobit = 1000 bits) and were designed for voice only. The following section describes each cellular network generation in more detail.ġG-A nalog Cellular Networks The first commercially automated 1G cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979 and in the US by Bell Labs in 1984. This paper reviews the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology underscores the importance of 5G revolutionary networks, reviews its key enabling technologies, examines its trends and challenges, explores its applications in different manufacturing industries, and highlights its role in shaping the age of unlimited connectivity, intelligent automation, and industry digitization.
The purpose of this paper is to do a literature review and explore how 5G can enable or streamline intelligent automation in different industries. The advent of 5G is more than just a generational step it opens a new world of possibilities for every tech industry. 5G’s lightning-fast connection and low-latency are needed for advances in intelligent automation-the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), driverless cars, digital reality, blockchain, and future breakthroughs we haven’t even thought of yet. The evolving 5G networks are becoming more readily available as a significant driver of the growth of IoT and other intelligent automation applications. The mobile industry is developing and preparing to deploy the fifth-generation (5G) networks.
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